Annotated Bibliography — 5–7.5 MeV Industrial X-Ray LINAC Shielding

Project ID: industrial-eb-x-ray-dose-prediction

Last reviewed: 2026-09-04

Role in the research package

This annotated bibliography is the source-level evidence inventory for Paper 1. It records what each source supports and where its evidence stops. The Systematic Evidence Review records search and screening provenance, the Literature Review provides the narrative synthesis, and the Research Plan defines the proposed study. Inclusion here does not make a source applicable to every study condition or establish that the proposed model has passed verification or validation.

External source files remain under references/industrial-eb-x-ray-dose-prediction/files/ when access and licensing permit retention.

Scope

The D1-approved scope covers shielding calculations for conventional-LINAC X-ray facilities with incident-electron energies from 5 to 7.5 MeV. PHITS calculations provide the reference data for a surrogate. Sources outside this scope are retained only when they provide relevant transport, verification, validation, uncertainty, or surrogate-method evidence.

Standards and modelling framework

China Ministry of Ecology and Environment (2018), HJ 979-2018, Radiation Safety and Protection on Electron Accelerator Irradiation Facilities. D4 uses its published 5/7.5 MeV ordinary-concrete TVLs and 30 cm exterior-reference convention as transport comparators; its X-ray requirements apply only through 5 MeV, and it is neither Malaysian authority nor a construction prescription for Paper 1.
Hamm, Review of Industrial Accelerators and Their Applications. Broad industrial accelerator technologies and application-oriented energy categories; the categories are not universal regulatory boundaries.
IAEA (2010), Use of Mathematical Modelling in Electron Beam Processing: A Guidebook, Radiation Technology Series No. 1. Framework for industrial electron-beam system specification, Monte Carlo modelling, uncertainty, verification, validation, and one- and three-dimensional calculations. Its examples do not establish the study parameters or acceptance criteria.
IAEA (2010), Radiation Safety of Gamma, Electron and X Ray Irradiation Facilities, SSG-8. International facility-safety and shielding guidance; national requirements remain controlling where applicable.
FAO/IAEA/WHO ICGFI (1995), The Development of X-Ray Machines for Food Irradiation. Historical basis for comparing 5 and 7.5 MeV, including efficiency, converter thresholds, energy control, activation, dosimetry, and shielding context. Its food-processing conclusions and approximate shield increment are not a facility design rule.
IAEA (2022), Nuclear Safety and Security Glossary, 2022 Interim Edition. Preferred source for established radiation-safety terminology; software-specific terms require separate definitions.
Mittendorfer, Gratzl, and Hirschmueller, High Precision Dose Delivery from Electron and X-Ray Beam Lines. Industrial dose-delivery and qualification context for electron and converted-X-ray lines; the reported Mediscan system is an example, not a geometry prescription.
National Bureau of Standards, Shielding for High-Energy Electron Accelerator Installations, Handbook 97. Foundational accelerator-shielding physics and design context; age and legacy transport methods require comparison with current data and PHITS.

Reference transport and material data

Detwiler et al. (2021), Compendium of Material Composition Data for Radiation Transport Modeling, PNNL-15870 Rev. 2. D4 adopts material 105, ordinary NBS-03 concrete at 2.35 g/cm³, and material 4, dry near-sea-level air at 0.001205 g/cm³; these representative records do not establish as-built facility materials.
ICRU (2020), Operational Quantities for External Radiation Exposure, Report 95. Defines the new ambient dose quantity (H^) and fluence conversion coefficients; adoption is gradual, so it must not be conflated with legacy ambient dose equivalent (H^(10)).
NIST, Standard Reference Database 124: ESTAR. Authoritative electron stopping-power and range tables, with linked methods and version history; CSDA range is not a complete transport or geometry model.
NIST, XCOM photon cross-section database. Authoritative photon interaction and attenuation data; database compositions and densities must be recorded explicitly when used.
PHITS, User's Manual 3.37. Authoritative syntax and operation of the reference transport code. The manual documents particle-dependent dose conversion through [Multiplier], including (H^(10)) set -200 and ICRU 95 (H^) set -204, plus multiple sources, angular distributions, and spatial source distributions. The code version, source definition, conversion coefficients, physics settings, geometry, tallies, normalization, histories, and random seeds must be recorded for every calculation.

Industrial accelerators and beam delivery

Kamino (1996), 10 MeV 25 kW Industrial Electron Linac. Industrial LINAC scale and beam-delivery context; its historical machine parameters are not study defaults.
RRCAT, prototype aluminium and water-cooled beam dump for a 10 MeV industrial LINAC. Example of a low-(Z) electron-beam dump and its thermal design; dimensions and performance are specific to the reported system.
Petwal et al. (2007), Bremsstrahlung Converter for High Power EB Radiation Processing Facility. Direct basis for D3's finite Ta-water-stainless layer sequence, 5 cm radius, 2 mm cooling/backing layers, and 25 mm Gaussian beam; its endpoint thickness results support the derived fixed 1.2 mm Ta compromise, which remains subject to PHITS reproduction and is not a certified facility design.
Seltzer, Farrell, and Silverman (1983), Bremsstrahlung Beams from High-Power Electron Accelerators for Use in Radiation Processing. Foundational high-power converted-X-ray source analysis; historical assumptions require modern transport checks.
Meissner et al. (2000), X-Ray Treatment at 5 MeV and Above. Source efficiency, penetration, and processing evidence across the selected energies; Rhodotron results are out-of-scope architecture evidence.
Cleland and Stichelbaut (2013), Radiation Processing with High-Energy X-Rays. Peer-reviewed review of source characteristics, applications, and facility requirements; it does not validate the selected converter or shielding geometry.
Tuan and Tao (2020), Assessment of X-Ray Converter for Electron Beam Radiation Processing Facility. Film-dosimeter and MCNP-4C2 comparison for a titanium–water–lead converter at 5, 7.5, and 10 MeV; useful evidence that converter-specific measurements and definitions matter, not a tantalum-source benchmark.
Hua et al. (2015), Theoretical Study on Bremsstrahlung Transferred From Electron Beam of 7.5 MeV. FLUKA converter calculations relate material, thickness, beam sweep width, transmitted photon/electron efficiency, photon-flux distribution, and spectrum; they support source specification but do not validate the Paper 1 converter or room.
Auditore et al. (2005), Design of a 5 MeV Electron Linac Based X-Ray Source. 5 MeV industrial-radiography source-design comparator; useful for the electron-to-X-ray component, not complete facility-shielding validation.
Lazurik et al. (2003), Simulation Tool for Scanning X-Ray Beams Irradiator. Joint converter, scanner, product-transport, and irradiation-line modelling precedent; it supports explicit scan delivery but does not validate a shielding room.
Salehi et al. (2022), New Beam Delivery System Design for Industrial Electron Accelerator at NSTRI. Modern industrial scanning and beam-delivery topology; facility-specific results require independent applicability review.
Seltzer (1974), Transmission of Electrons Through Foils, NBSIR 74-457. Numerical foil-transmission tables and comparators; legacy calculations require current transport confirmation.
Seltzer and Berger (1974), Transmission and Reflection of Electrons by Foils. Independent foil-transport calculation basis; material, thickness, and beam conditions bound applicability.
Zhang et al. (2022), Physical Design of a 10 MeV High Scanning Frequency Irradiation Electron Linear Accelerator. Contemporary two-axis scanning and delivery geometry; a candidate architecture rather than validation evidence.
Zimek (2020), Economical Evaluation of Radiation Processing with High-Intensity X-Rays. Industrial converted-X-ray application and economic context; economics do not establish transport accuracy.
Ziaie and Tahami (2005), Mass Throughput Rate Calculation for X-Ray Facilities. Closest industrial Monte Carlo precedent for the revised scan method: an EGS4 model of a measured Rhodotron system with a 100 cm scanned electron beam and Ta-water-steel converter integrates stationary spatial dose distributions to obtain dynamic results. It supports linear superposition, not the exact PHITS card or Paper 1 quadrature resolution.
Ma et al. (1997), Accurate Characterization of Monte Carlo Calculated Electron Beams for Radiotherapy. Scanned electron beams represented with spatial and multiple-source Monte Carlo beam models were compared with full phase-space calculations. This is transferable method evidence outside industrial processing, not direct validation of the Paper 1 source.

Independent transport and shielding comparisons

Deshmukh and Bhoraskar, Bremsstrahlung Spectra from Lead and Tantalum at 6 MeV Electron Energy. Measured-spectrum candidate; quantitative validation requires the original geometry, detector response, data, and uncertainties.
Barkova, Kiselev, and Chudaev (2006), Evaluation of Efficiency of Concrete Shielding Against Bremsstrahlung of 5 MeV Electrons at Pre-Commissioning of the Accelerator ILU-10. Facility control-point assessment and source-angle comparator at 5 MeV; its analytical attenuation, workload, and existing-bench geometry bound quantitative reuse.
Cleland, Galloway, and Brown (2017), X-Ray Scattering in the Shielding of Industrial Irradiation Facilities. Multiple-scattering and maze comparator for industrial X-ray facilities; fixed worked geometry, not a universal opening rule.
Mohd Zin et al. (2019), Monte Carlo Studies for the Radiation Shielding in the Bunker of the Electron Beam Accelerator Using PHITS. PHITS-to-measurement room workflow; its Ir-192 source does not validate an electron or bremsstrahlung source model.
Peri and Orion (2017), Shielding Calculations for Industrial 5/7.5 MeV Electron Accelerators Using the MCNP Monte Carlo Code. Angular dose, spectrum, and concrete-attenuation comparator for stated targets and energies; not validation outside that domain. Local PDF, SHA-256 473285f378ccb089e8616b9f520ef0e1cad35615049a8ddb7d6fa9dd04a9b8aa.
Experimental Verification of Dosimetry Predictions of Bremsstrahlung Attenuation as a Function of Material and Electron Energy (1993), DOI. On-axis absorber measurements from 5.5–25.1 MeV agreed with the reported Monte Carlo predictions within ±9%; a useful component benchmark, not a complete-room validation.
Shikaze (2023), Evaluation of Radiation Dose Caused by Bremsstrahlung Photons Using PHITS and Geant4. Candidate inter-code comparison; applicability depends on matching source, geometry, scoring, and code versions.
Grégoire et al. (2003), Radiological Safety of Food Irradiation with High Energy X-Rays: Theoretical Expectations and Experimental Evidence. Activation measurements for approximately 7.3–7.5 MeV tantalum-converter irradiation; product-activation evidence does not establish prompt neutron dose behind shielding.
Iwamoto et al. (2017), Benchmark Study of the Recent Version of the PHITS Code. Includes comparisons of PHITS EGS5 thick-target bremsstrahlung spectra with measurements; its 1 and 15 MeV cases bracket but do not reproduce the selected converter and energy range.
Rafiei, Parsaei, and Tavakoli-Anbaran (2023), A Reconsideration of Photoneutron Production Through a 5 MeV Electron LINAC Using MCNP and FLUKA. A heavy-water/beryllium photoneutron source, not an industrial converter; it demonstrates that low-threshold materials, photonuclear cross sections, and code choice can materially affect a 5 MeV result.
Sakha (2016), Bremsstrahlung and Photoneutron Spectra from a Tungsten Target of 5–90 MeV Electron Accelerator. Converter-specific photon and neutron evidence spanning the lower Paper 1 boundary; quantitative reuse requires the complete geometry and numerical method.
Blideanu et al. (2024), Neutron Spectra from Photonuclear Reactions: Performance Testing of Monte-Carlo Particle Transport Simulation Codes. Additional photonuclear code-performance evidence; applicable to component verification, not physical validation of an industrial room.
Sari (2023), Characterization of Photoneutron Fluxes Emitted by Electron Accelerators in the 4–20 MeV Range Using Monte Carlo Codes: A Critical Review. Synthesis of photonuclear-data, model, source, and validation issues in the relevant accelerator-energy neighbourhood.
Sari et al. (2025), A Benchmark for Monte Carlo Simulation of Photoneutron Fields from Electron Accelerators. PHITS–MCNP6–TRIPOLI-4 comparison for electron accelerators spanning 4–20 MeV, with tantalum and tungsten electron-target cases from 7–20 MeV; demonstrates material-, energy-, library-, model-, and observable-dependent differences that must be tested near threshold.
Garnaud et al. (2026), Compendium on Monte Carlo Simulation of Photoneutrons in the Giant Dipole Resonance Energy Range. PHITS–MCNP6–TRIPOLI-4 comparison with ENDF/B-VIII.1 and JENDL-5 for 49 elemental photon targets from threshold to 30 MeV; isolates photonuclear data/model behaviour, not the upstream LINAC converter field.

Monte Carlo statistics

Johnston, Grieve, and Sweezy (2022), Performance Analysis of the Expected Track Length Estimator, LA-UR-22-28655. Track-length estimator performance and comparison context; estimator conclusions must be mapped to the selected tally and geometry.
Ueki (2019), Universal Methodology for Statistical Error and Convergence of Correlated Monte Carlo Tallies. Correlation-aware statistical uncertainty and convergence; use requires specified calculation-completion and acceptance criteria.

Machine-learning surrogate methods

Chowdhury et al. (2024), Machine Learning in Accelerator Shielding: Application Using Convolutional Neural Networks, DOI 10.13182/T131-45920. PHITS-generated shielding-surrogate precedent for neutron spectra through concrete; physically distinct from electron/X-ray dose prediction. Local PDF, SHA-256 6f67d6f4a1ee0d09c740e50038762864918d845b2924e3e648d1ee8d9af82b3a.
Pal Chowdhury et al. (2025), Surrogate Modeling of Monte Carlo Radiation Transport with Convolutional Neural Networks for Shielding Optimization. Journal extension of the PHITS-labelled neutron-shielding surrogate; still physically distinct from converted-X-ray rooms.
Khuwaileh and Metwally (2020), Gaussian Process Approach for Dose Mapping in Radiation Fields. Gaussian-process dose mapping from sparse measurements or simulation responses; an indirect spatial baseline outside the Paper 1 source and shielding domain.
Badal and Badano (2019), MCDNet — A Denoising Convolutional Neural Network to Accelerate Monte Carlo Radiation Transport Simulations. Voxel-wise X-ray dose denoising precedent; transferable spatial-field methodology in a medical CT domain, not industrial accelerator shielding.
Pal Chowdhury (2025), Shielding Optimization: An Approach for Extending PHITS with Machine Learning. PHITS workshop evidence of the accelerator-shielding surrogate workflow; the documented neutron problem remains physically distinct from converted-X-ray rooms.
Chen et al. (2025), A Simulated Comprehensive Photon Flux Shielding Spectra Dataset for Advanced Radiation Safety Assessment. RMC-generated multigroup photon spectra for 92 elements, 22 energies, and thicknesses to 40 mean free paths; homogeneous spherical shielding, not facility geometry.
Chen et al. (2026), A Unified Surrogate Model for Enhanced Photon Shielding Through an All-Natural-Element Multi-Group Flux Dataset. Direct photon-spectrum surrogate and buildup-factor precedent; monoenergetic isotropic sources and homogeneous media leave the LINAC converter-to-room problem open.
Chen et al. (2026), POKER-X: An AI-Enhanced and GPU-Accelerated Platform for Rapid Radiation Shielding Analysis. AI-assisted point-kernel photon-shielding comparator; does not model the coupled industrial electron-to-bremsstrahlung source.
Li et al. (2021), Fourier Neural Operator for Parametric Partial Differential Equations. Foundational operator-learning candidate; no direct radiation-transport validation.
Li et al. (2023), Geometric Fourier Neural Operator. Geometry-aware operator-learning method; suitability depends on the selected data representation and evaluation requirements.
Li et al. (2023), Geometry-Informed Neural Operator for Large-Scale 3D PDEs. Geometry-conditioned 3-D operator-learning candidate; demonstrated on CFD, not radiation transport.

Maintenance

Add a source only when this research package uses it.
Keep one entry per source and state both its relevance and its limitations.
Prefer DOI, publisher, standards-body, laboratory, or official manual URLs.
Retain a local copy only when lawful, using a stable filename and recorded source URL and SHA-256 digest.
Update this bibliography and the literature review together when the evidence base changes.